The decision to pursue an MA or a PhD degree is a significant one; it should be made only after considerable investigation of graduate programs available, and analysis of your long-term goals and interests. If you are seriously interested in a particular field of study, if a professor has encouraged you to pursue a graduate degree, if you love research and scholarship for its own sake, then a graduate degree may be for you.

You shouldn鈥檛 apply to graduate school simply because you don鈥檛 know what career to pursue or what jobs are available with your BA. Having a graduate degree does not necessarily make you more employable than someone with an undergraduate degree. If you are uncertain about your future goals, you might find it useful to take a year off to work or study in a new environment, either at home or abroad, which can help you to decide on a new direction. If you do decide to apply to graduate school later on, selection committees may look favourably upon your application, especially if there is some link between the activities during your time away and your potential studies. If you take off more than a year, you should maintain some connection with the professors who will be writing a letter of recommendation for you.

The career advisors at the 黑料不打烊 Career Planning Service can help you look at your options with regards to potential possibilities. As well, they have information on their website which describes some of the career possibilities with your BA. See CaPS. 听 听听

The听doctoral degree听generally takes between four to seven years to complete. PhD programs are designed to prepare students for university teaching, research, or advanced positions in certain professional fields. Funding is often available through grants, fellowships, or teaching or research assistantships.

In some cases, you can apply directly to the PhD from an undergraduate degree if you meet the appropriate criteria for acceptance, depending on the graduate program. In these programs, the MA degree is often earned along the way, and will generally focus on the research techniques or the fields of study in which you will be involved at the PhD level. A combined MA/PhD program can take less time to completion than a terminal MA followed by a transfer to a PhD program. Going directly into a PhD program from a BA is particularly useful if you are completely dedicated to your area of study, and you plan to teach or research at the university level, or study in a research-intensive field.

The time to completion for a听master鈥檚 degree听is generally not as long as a PhD, taking between one and three years typically for full-time students. MA programs generally focus more on gaining knowledge of the field, and in more professionally-oriented programs, gaining knowledge in practical application of research and skills. Some MA programs require students to write a thesis, and others do not; some provide students with the option. Some MA programs offer graduate funding; others do not. It is important to check with the graduate programs you are interested in to see whether and how they fund MA students.

A terminal MA program (that is, an MA that doesn't lead directly into, or is not integrated into, a PhD program) can still be a useful preparation for those seeking to continue their graduate education. In some cases, a terminal MA may not fully prepare you for a PhD program; further coursework may be required before you can transfer into the PhD after completing an MA program.

Some MA programs are professionally oriented and offer direct career preparation or advancement outside of higher education. If your goal is to become a social worker or a high school teacher, or college teacher at a Quebec CEGEP, for example, a master鈥檚 degree may be appropriate for you.

Graduate school is quite different from undergraduate studies. It requires more focused and sustained work; it is a research degree program and as such involves more intensive, one-on-one relationships with faculty and interaction with other students. Most graduate coursework usually consists of a substantial amount of structured reading in a particular field in the early years, and, depending on the school, graduate program, and country in which it is being offered, typically requires less coursework than at the undergraduate level. Courses for the most part also tend to be of the seminar type.

A key part of the graduate school experience is having the opportunity to work with a community of scholars in your own research area; in many programs, it is expected that you will begin to present your research at scholarly conferences and begin to build a publication record. Along with becoming a competent researcher, graduate school prepares you to acquire a professional identity.

The sooner you start to prepare for graduate studies, the better. Advanced planning and preparation will greatly improve your chances of meeting the criteria required for acceptance to a school and program of your choice.

Get involved in undergraduate research, firstly to find out if this is what you would like to do as a career. Some graduate programs require applicants to demonstrate their research ability, either through undergraduate theses or other undergraudate research opportunities. All Arts undergraduate departments offer honours and joint honours programs, which have a research component such as an essay or project. Normally students are admitted to an honours program after one year of studies in the major program. Students must have a CGPA of 3.00 at the very least to be admitted to an honours program; in some cases, the department may require a much higher CGPA as the number of students they admit into the honours program is very limited. So if you are interested in an honours program, work on getting good grades right from your first year of studies.

If you decide not to pursue an honours program, you may still be able to get involved in research with one of your professors during the term or over the summer months. Start by speaking to a professor whose course you took and liked and did well in, and ask them if they could help you get involved in a research project in their area. They may be able to help you or refer you to someone else. You may also be able to register for independent study courses that provide one-on-one or small group training around a current research project in the department.

An internship outside of 黑料不打烊 may lead to your involvement with an off-campus project of some sort that you can integrate with a university research project. The Faculty of Arts offers an impressive internship program for Arts undergraduates; for more details, please consult the Arts Internships website.

The Arts advising staff give degree planning workshops every winter term to undergraduate Arts students. At this workshop, the advisors go into detail about the types of program combinations that are available within the B.A. degree, and the type of preparation needed for graduate studies. For more information about our degree planning workshops, please consult the following Arts OASIS.

Your education has to fit with your abilities, interests, and goals. Your choice of program should be based on specific criteria such as the kind of research and scholarship you want to be further trained in, the type of courses and research areas covered by the faculty in the programs you are interested in, the chance to study with leading figures and active researchers in your field. Other considerations might include the availability of fellowships and graduate assistantships to assist with your funding needs.

Figure out the research areas that you are interested in, and begin to research programs that can offer you training in those areas. To do this, follow up on citations in the scholarly literature to find out more about the authors, what kind of research they do, and the universities and graduate programs in which they teach. Finding faculty who can train you to do the kind of research you want to do is essential. In light of your own interests, consider the strengths of the different programs and graduate courses they offer, and what their faculty publish and teach.

黑料不打烊 professors can also be an excellent source of information about the different graduate programs available in your field. Please refer to the section, 鈥淲here can I find more specific information about graduate studies in my field of study?鈥� for more detailed information and contact names.

Guidebooks can also provide comprehensive information about faculty reputation, student placement, teaching and research opportunities, financial aid, and so on. However, make sure that the information pertains to your desired specialization within the discipline; a school with a top ranking in labour economics for example, may not be ranked so highly in applied economics.

Make an effort to visit the schools you may be interested in to find out more about the campus, the department, and the facilities. Attend recruiting events for prospective graduate students if they are available; if not, find out whether you can arrange a visit on your own. You may find it useful to meet professors in the department, or to sit in on a seminar session, if that is permissible. Learn about the faculty: their publications and research. When you write your statement of purpose, commenting on particular faculty members鈥� research and publications tells the admissions committee that you have done your homework in researching their program.

The supervisor you do your research with may be just as important as your research interests. You should think about the kind of person you will need to help you succeed in graduate school. Take the time to read the books and journals that are relevant to your field. Look up those professors鈥� home pages, which should provide you with information about their research and publications. Find out as much as you can about their work, their graduate students, their contributions. You may at some point wish to contact this person. Send them a short email outlining your interests and plans; this is also a good way of finding out whether the professor is interested and has resources to accept a new student.

Once you have narrowed down your specialization within a particular field or discipline, and found a number of universities that offer interesting programs in that field, it is time to start the application process. Read all the information about the criteria for admission as early as you can in your undergraduate career: CGPA requirements, undergraduate research, the minimum number of credits required at the undergraduate level in that discipline, the recommended type of undergraduate program, particular course requirements, graduate entrance exams (GREs), related work experience if specified, challenging courses of study. Some criteria will require more than one or two years of undergraduate preparation to fulfill.

While grades are very important, it is wrong to assume that grades are enough. There are lots of students out there with good grades who are interested in graduate study. You will need other qualifications to distinguish yourself. Besides requiring undergraduate research, many graduate admission committees will be reviewing your record to determine how challenging your undergraduate program and course selection has been. Upper 500 level courses are considered to be an excellent preparation for graduate school. Many admissions committees pay particular attention to your letters of recommendation. Writing a strong statement of purpose and choosing the right programs to apply to for the work you want to do are other very important elements of your application.

Graduate schools generally expect you to have completed all prerequisites by the application deadline. If you are unable to do so, then it is best to postpone your application. Graduate schools don鈥檛 generally frown upon students who have been out of school for a year or so; some in fact prefer it, especially in fields where practical experience is one of the factors that the admissions committee is considering.

Check out eligibility for funding, internal or external. External funding refers to monetary awards given by federal agencies or privately run foundations, which may be used for study at any accredited graduate school. External funding agencies will have their own application procedures and deadlines, separate from the schools you are applying to.

Internal aid comes directly from the graduate schools you enroll in. They may be need-based or merit-based. Applications are normally included with the graduate school application. This type of aid comes in the form of research assistantships, teaching assistantships, fellowships or grants based on merit, or need-based financial aid. If the information is not readily available on the graduate department鈥檚 website, call and find out what is available. Financial aid could include tuition waivers, room and board, and even a living stipend, so it is best to apply for as much financial aid as possible, in whatever form you can, and by the appropriate deadlines.

Applications are normally submitted during the last year of undergraduate studies. Try to compile all of the documents and submit the completed application package in a timely manner: application form, funding applications, GRE results, statement of purpose, letters of recommendation, academic transcripts, a resume, or a CV. Some schools will not review applications until the package is complete, so if yours is incomplete, other completed applications will have priority over yours.

You should expect to apply to several graduate schools, depending on the level of competition in your area. Applications are generally due during the fall term, so you should start the application process in the term prior to your last year of studies.

Some graduate schools require the GRE, Graduate Record Exams. These scores are generally interpreted as a measure of intellectual ability and likelihood of success at graduate school, so it is best to obtain the highest scores you can. Several books are available to help students prepare for such tests; it is also possible in some areas to register for courses that help you to prepare for the exams. You can write the GREs more than once, so if you have done poorly in the first round, you can take them again and have the results available with your fall application.

Other exams that may be required, depending on your application, are LSATs or MCATs.

You can find the books to help you prepare for entrance exams in the CaPS Career Resource Centre in the Brown Building, as well as the application forms and information booklets. See also the CaPS on-line guides about entrance exams.

Ask professors (normally, you will need at least three letters of recommendation) who know your interests and abilities well. In general, it is best to request letters from faculty who are tenured or are teaching in the tenure stream. You may need to 鈥榗ultivate鈥� several professors, if you will, by taking several of their courses spaced over a period of two or more years, making solid contributions in their courses, and getting involved in some way in their research, working with them on research projects or in research labs. Make sure that they will be willing to write a strong supporting letter. Provide them with information about each of the graduate programs you are applying to and suggest academic and personal strengths that you are asking them to highlight. Give them a draft of your Statement of Purpose, as well as a copy of your curriculum vitae and advising transcript for reference.

Provide your referees with the full name, title, and complete mailing address of the person to whom a letter should be written. You may also provide your referees with pre-stamped and addressed envelopes, if they prefer.

Give your referees ample time to write letters, at least one month before deadlines. Follow up with them to ensure that the letters have been completed on time. Don't forget to thank them for their efforts on your behalf.

Additional information can be found at the CaPS on-line references website.

The statement of purpose is an important part of your application, and may in fact be the determining factor in acceptance or rejection. It should provide the reader with a sense of your potential as a student and as a professional. It should describe your intellectual interest and academic preparation in the field, why you are interested in this particular graduate program, and how it can help you achieve your goals.

You should suggest possible areas for research that would fit in with the work already being accomplished in the unit you are applying to. You might propose specific questions that intrigue you, and indicate how you might approach them, and why this line of inquiry would contribute new knowledge in the field. In this mini-proposal, which may very well change once you actually start your graduate degree, your point is to illustrate your ability to think independently and creatively, and to demonstrate how your research interests fit with the department.

If you have already done some research in the area, it might be useful to attach the research paper with your application. You should explain the connection between the papers and the research you would like to be involved in.

If your CGPA is not particularly high because of problems in your first year or in courses outside of your discipline, you might find it helpful to point out that your upper level TGPAs are significantly higher.

Your essay should demonstrate excellent writing skills; make sure that it is well constructed, with no grammar, spelling or punctuation errors. It shouldn鈥檛 be too long 鈥� typed, single spaced, about two pages in length. Have friends, professors, or mentors read over your statement to critique it. Is it interesting? Have you provided a compelling argument to the committee? Have you overstated or understated your qualifications? Have you explained any deficiencies in your background? Is it grammatically correct and well constructed?

Before submitting your statement of purpose along with your applications, you can have it reviewed by a Career Advisor at CaPS. Make an appointment by phone (514-398-3304) or drop by CaPS in the Brown Building. You can also review the CaPS on-line guide for writing statements.

• CaPS听(Career Planning Services):听Applying to Graduate Studies and Professional Schools
• Future/Prospective Graduate Studies Students
• Student Aid Office:听External Awards
• Peterson's:听