Study Skills

I. How to study

Successful study demands that you give yourself ample time and that during this time you keep your mind actively engaged in the learning process. Ample time for an average student means about two hours of study for each hour of class. Since the normal academic load is 15 to 16 credits, an average student will spend that many hours in class plus twice that many hours studying, for a total of about 45 to 48 hours a week.

Keeping your mind actively on the job is the more difficult task. Two methods have been found helpful in this respect:

A. S-Q-3R Method. In this formula:

In applying this method to a given assignment, you first leaf through it to get the general drift of the discussion, noting introductory remarks, topics, paragraph headings and summaries. On the basis of this survey you ask yourself questions which you hope to have answered after reading the assignment. Then you read it, carefully and intently. After reading it, you come to what is perhaps the most important feature of this method: self-recitation. You ask yourself questions about the assignment, questions the instructor might ask in class or in an examination, and test yourself on your answers. Finally, you review to see how complete and correct your answers were. It has been found experimentally that at least half your study time can be devoted profitably to self-recitation, versus a simple reading and re-reading of the assignment.

B. Outlining Method

This can be done by using your own markings, symbols and underlinings directly in your textbook or it can be done by jotting down the main points in organized fashion in your notebook. While the latter procedure takes more time, it has the advantage of encouraging you to put the author's ideas into your own words. For many students, the actual writing out of the materials is itself an effective learning device. In either case, however, the value of the outlining method will depend on how sharp you are in selecting and organizing the essential ideas. A written outline can be too wordy and underlining can be too extensive. The ideal is just enough to capture the main points with sufficient detail to make them meaningful. Where underlining is used it should be done only after the complete assignment has been read at least once.

The outline form used in this paper is generally acceptable. Roman numerals (I, II, etc.) and/or capital letters (A, B, etc.) indicate the main headings; Arabic numerals (1, 2, etc.) and then small letters (a, b, etc.) indicate the sub-headings. Use this form also in taking lecture notes.

The S-Q-3R and Outlining Methods can, of course, be used in combination. Self-recitation is especially helpful after you have outlined the assignment.

C. Other suggestions for Effective Study

1. Create a schedule and hold yourself to it.
2. To the fullest extent possible, make study a habit by studying at the same time and place each day.
3. Schedule definite review periods, perhaps every Friday or Saturday, during which the lecture and textbook materials covered during the week are reviewed.
4. Avoid distractions while studying. Do not take phone calls or other interruptions which disturb your concentration.
5. Provide for at least one hour of recreation every day. Try to keep noon hours, late afternoon hours, and regular time Saturdays and Sundays for relaxation and exercise.
6. Get plenty of sleep and keep your outside workload within reasonable limits. A student carrying a full academic load should as a rule not have more than 15 hours of outside employment per week. Your course load should be reduced by one credit for every 3 hours of employment beyond 15 hours.

The following web site is a helpful reference:

II. How to Take Lecture Notes

1. Read the textbook assignment before going to class in order to be familiar with the ideas and terminology presented.
2. Do not try to reproduce the lecture verbatim. Listen for ideas and be selective in what you write down. Use the outline form described in section I-B above.
3. Do not crowd your notes. Allow plenty of space between points to keep them distinct from each other and to allow for additions. A large-size notebook (8 1/2 x 11) is preferable to a smaller one.
4. Keep all your notes for the current period in one loose-leaf notebook, with index tabs to identify the individual courses.
5. Review your notes as soon as possible after class; fill in and edit obscure points.

III. How to Improve Your Reading

The solution to reading problems is sometimes complex and needs the attention of an expert in the field. Most people, however, can do much on their own to improve their reading speed and comprehension by doing the following:

1. Remove all visual defects. Have you had your eyes checked?
2. Force yourself (1) to read faster, and (2) to cover more words per eye fixation. Not more than 2 or 3 fixations per sentence should be necessary and once you are really good at it, you may be able to comprehend an entire sentence or even paragraph at a glance. Reading speed is to a large extent a matter of habit. By exerting conscious effort in the direction of reading faster for a period of time you can change this habit, without a loss of comprehension. Consciously trying to read faster is one of the most important points in improving your reading speed.
3. Your reading comprehension is limited by your vocabulary. Build your vocabulary by keeping a running list of words you do not know. Look them up after each assignment and write down their definitions. Review this list from time to time. This method is preferable to interrupting your reading to consult the dictionary for each unfamiliar word.

IV. How to Prepare For and Take An Examination

A. Control your attitude.

1. Look upon the test as a competitive game, as an opportunity to show what you know. Develop the attitude of the sportsman: Win if you can; Lose if you must; But always do the best you can.
2. Be reasonable in your expectations of yourself. The instructor does not expect a perfect paper; neither should you. Simply represent yourself as adequately as you can.
3. Keep in mind that there are other tests to follow. You are not betting all your money on one horse.
4. Remember that you have prepared for the examination and that this preparation is bound to show. (If you have not prepared, the "pre-examination jitters" may be justified. They are not if you have prepared.)
5. Get a good night's sleep before the examination. A clear head, coupled with adequate preparation, is your greatest asset.

B. Know Your Stuff.

1. Begin the day after a test to prepare for the next test by keeping up with the day-to-day assignments. Set aside one hour each week to review each subject.
2. Begin your intensified review of the subject a week before any major examination.
3. Review by making a list of the important definitions, laws, principles, theories, formulae, experiments, persons, ideas and concepts as these apply to your particular course or courses.
4. If you have not already done so, make an outline of the material covered and, in your own mind, relate the more detailed items to it.
5. Cramming as a concentrated, intensified review of materials previously learned is good; as a last-minute effort to learn for the first time, it can lead to confusion.
6. Try to figure out what questions you would ask in the examination if you were the instructor and then find the correct answers.
7. Know whether the exam will be of the objective or essay type and then review accordingly. An objective exam stresses more factual, detailed knowledge. An essay exam stresses the organization, relationship, and analysis and/or application of the subject matter.
8. Keep your old examinations or quizzes and analyze them for your weaknesses. If you can't tell why you did poorly on an exam, see your instructor. Don't hesitate to ask him or her to clarify specific points that you think might be important. Do not, however, go to your instructor's office simply with the statement, "I can't get this stuff." Pinpoint your questions.

C. Take the test, don't let it take you.

1. Before beginning to write, spend a few moments planning the whole exam. Read the directions and, in the case of an essay exam, the questions twice, underlining significant words.
2. Answer the easiest questions first, but apportion your time carefully. Very complete answers on a few questions will not compensate for inadequate answers on others.
3. Think more and write less. Instructors are more impressed by answers that are to the point than by how much space you fill. Leave space after each answer for afterthoughts or for further elaboration as time permits.
4. In objective tests be careful of items containing the words: only, always, never, etc. In essay tests, notice such words as: name, define, outline, list, explain, illustrate, and compare. These tell you what the instructor wants.

Re-read your paper before handing it in.